Nevertheless, it would be specious to infer from a deconstruction of imperial texts that the working elephants depicted had no agency. The animal agency that they described is best treated as a narrative device. Footnote 3 Clearly neither Nisbet nor Brassey had any direct access to the thoughts, feelings or intentions of the elephants they wrote about. She was contributing to a growing corpus of travel writings attempting to capture and relay the sites and scenes of the colony for a wider British audience. She was trying to inspire wonder at the image she conjured of these exotic beasts engaged in routine industrial work. Brassey's observations and accompanying illustrations, posthumously published, were written for middle-class metropolitan readers. It was bound up with a particular iteration of imperial masculinity: the hardy, adventurous, self-proclaimed ‘jungle-wallah’. Nisbet's story was one of many in his book that attempted to demonstrate the unique struggles and daring exploits of European timber traders. Of course, neither of these passages can be taken as straightforward evidence of the agency of working elephants in the past. The spectacle of them stacking timber was frequently reproduced on postcards. Watching working elephants in Rangoon's timber yards and remarking on their intelligence and dexterity was a popular pastime for globetrotting tourists visiting the colony. Footnote 2 She was not alone in making these observations. The agency of working elephants not only was obvious to Brassey as she watched them carry out their various tasks, for her it was also agency exercised with ‘mental powers’ comparable to those of human workers. At that point, ‘rigidly enforcing the rights of labour’, they immediately stopped for a break. At least, they were until the dinner-bell rang. She depicted the elephants as docile, self-directed and willing workers.
She described their skilful manoeuvring and stacking of timber without making mention of their elephant drivers. What drew her attention was not the labouring beasts’ potential for deliberately inflicting violence, but their capacity for independent working. Writing about her interactions with elephants in Rangoon, at around the same time that Nisbet was working in the timber yards, the celebrated Victorian travel writer Annie Brassey also recounted the wilful behaviour of these captive animals. Even suffering from musth, Mounggyi's behaviour was understood by Nisbet and his staff as both purposeful and predictable. As predicted, Mounggyi returned to the scene of his violent act, charged at the life-sized puppet, fell into the hole beneath and was captured. They then constructed an effigy of a man which they suspended over the pit with rope. Noticing that every day Mounggyi returned to the site where he had killed and smelt the ground, they dug a pit there and disguised it. To recapture him, Nisbet and his colleagues set a trap.
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In his rage, Mounggyi had broken free and killed a man near a Rangoon timber yard. Although historians today often find the idea of animal agency to be contentious, it was plain to Nisbet that the large tusker had agency. Writing in the interwar years about his life working in the timber industry of colonial Burma during the late nineteenth century, John Nisbet recalled how Mounggyi, having been one of the best-natured and tamest elephants he had known, became unmanageable due to a bout of musth. Last name First name Middle name/initialsĪ L BULOOSHI. For purposes of this listing, long-term residents, as defined in section 877(e)(2), are treated as if they were citizens of the United States who lost citizenship. This listing contains the name of each individual losing United States citizenship (within the meaning of section 877(a) or 877A) with respect to whom the Secretary received information during the quarter ending December 31, 2016. SUMMARY: This notice is provided in accordance with IRC section 6039G of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) of 1996, as amended. Quarterly Publication of Individuals, Who Have Chosen To Expatriate, as Required by Section 6039GĪGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. Federal Register, Volume 82 Issue 26 (Thursday, February 9, 2017)įederal Register Volume 82, Number 26 (Thursday, February 9, 2017)įrom the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office FR Doc No: 2017-02699
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